multiliteracies: informed by discourse coming from a single or multiple discourse communities. Multiliteracies allow individuals to “read” people and situations like a text- *as long as the reading fits/conforms to discourse community standards*
Causation: the action of causing or producing, anything that produces an effect
Hoffman- uses “evidence” as a weapon
Morgan- uses shared reading of African Americans and the rhetorical appeal of emotion; the emotion is fear.
- why does Gould believes that Samuel Morton’s work was not a case of conscious fraud? Morton skews his results to summaries to prove prior convictions. Gould believes that Morton was not a case of conscious fraud because of the confidence and openness he had when publishing it.; living in a time back then when science was objective and above the fray but that is not the case, it was prejudice and not conscious moments of fraud; no one checked Morton on this because this is what was accepted by the discourse community
rhetorical triangle with Morgan
issue: the race question
writer: Morgan
reader: voters
gap: whites are superior
individual motivation: white votes, disenfranchise possible voters who would vote against him
case/rhetorical appeal/pathos-emotion: using fear
Claim- thesis/ if blacks had voting rights/ other freedoms, whites would lose their superiority and blacks may take over
Reasons-
Evidence- “scientific proof” of evolution and intelligence lesser with mixed offspring
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